Role Of Women During The Victorian Era - 1664 Words

British literature and culture has been shaped by many movements and time periods. The Victorian Period had a huge impact on many aspects in British literature and culture. The roles of women were greatly affected during this time period. The question of what women could (or should) do attracted a lot of debate in the Victorian era. There are numerous characteristics about The Victorian Period, one of them being the transformation of Britain. From the1830’s to the 1870’s, as seen in Victorian Literature, Britain underwent changes that transformed the lives of its people. The Rail network began in the 1830’s and was completed by the 1870’s. The Rail network had a great effect on the travel, appearance of the countryside, and speed of movement. Financial sector and trade grew significantly and British manufacturing became dominant in the world. Influence overseas and British power expanded and seemed to be permanent. Population grew from around 12 million to 25 million in 58 years. This period also saw the consequent growth of large cities and also a significant shift of population from the country side to the towns. Another characteristic was an age of optimism. The Victorian age saw itself as a time of confident progress. The Victorian age was a turbulent period which, from numerous points of view, considered itself to be a period of certain advancement. Numerous individuals trusted that Britain was driving the world into another and better age: More illuminated laws, theShow MoreRelatedWomen s Roles During The Victorian Era1851 Words   |  8 Pages Women’s Roles in the Victorian Era: The ideal woman in Victorian Times epitomized the good and virtuous woman whose live revolved around the domestic sphere of the family and home. She was pious, respectable and busy with no time for idle leisure. Her diligent and evident constant devotion to her husband, as well as to her God. She accepted her place in the sexual hierarchy. Her role was that of a domestic manager: wives and mothers. By the time that the industrial era was well under way in BritainRead MoreChange in the Victorian Period. the Role of Women.891 Words   |  4 PagesChange in the Victorian period. The role of women. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the country whose rich history covers many periods and eras. It saw its ups and downs, experienced both hardships and prosperity. It has been the leading power throughout centuries, with many countries looking up to it and kneeling before it. Still, the echo of its former majesty can be seen up to the present day. However, it is impossible to describe the periods all at once. It wouldRead MoreWilliam Browning And Elizabeth Barrett Browning Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesDifferent Perspective Literatures in the Victorian Era Many authors are influenced by the society, culture, politic and economy during their period. Therefore, their literary works usually describe the condition of their period directly or indirectly. The two authors, Roberts Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, also expose the culture and the condition of the society of the Victorian era through their works. The authors are married couple authors of the Victorian era. Roberts Browning’s a typical literaryRead MoreThe Influence Of Society On Victorian Relationships1411 Words   |  6 PagesTalia Bardash English Thesis Paper The Influence of Society on Victorian Relationships Afraid of rejection in the Victorian Era, men and women sought after relationships that agreed with the expectations set by society. Victorian literature satirized and underscored these expectations and their effects on individuals. During the Victorian Era relationships were not focused on the emotional aspect of marriage but rather growth in reputation and status. The characters in Oscar Wilde’s worksRead MoreThe Lady Of Shalott By Tennyson And Goblin Market1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Victorian age is a challenging era to outline. There was a handful of reasons on why it was such a challenging time. One of the main problematic topics was gender roles being very controversial. Men were looked at being intelligent and the leader of the family while women were the ones to care for the children and keep up on the domestic duties. While there were many women that accepted the typical gender roles, there were many women that were not accepting. In both poem, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott†Read MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1335 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Victorian society, men and women were very separated and unbalanced.Due to this, many Victorians compared the two genders to‘separate spheres’, only coming together at breakfast and again at dinner. Most men were highly expected to provide sufficiently for their family, their role in the family was to help provide the money .Since the men were more superior than the women, they received more rights like the right to vote. In the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens uses the charactersRead MoreNorth And South By Elizabeth Gaskell Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesNorth and south is considered as the significant piece of Victorian literature, written by Elizabeth Gaskell. Elizabeth Gaskell was a novelist and short story writer. Her stories usually have a contemporary attitude she emphasized more on the women’s role, complex and realistic female characters. North and south is considered as her best known work .It features a strong lead female ,a mature love story and relevant social and political explanation about industrialization and class conflict presentRead MoreThe Influence Of The Victorian Age1151 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victorian age began in 1837 and ended in 1901. Named after Queen Victoria, the era marked a prosperous period for England with many changes in various sectors. Its primary characterization lies in its rapid developments and changes in scientific, medical and technological knowledge. These factors motivated the country to move towards the age of optimism and confidence that resulted in economic prosperity and boom. The dynamics of the era led to various adversities that affected propriety, doubtRead MoreThe Victorian Er Collin s Challenging Traditional Gender Roles1615 Words   |  7 PagesThe Victorian Era: Collin’s Challenging Traditional Gender Roles In 1868, British author Wilkie Collins wrote what is now famously known as one of the first full-length detective stories, The Moonstone. Within this text, he explores and transcends his writing style, as he created an atmosphere full of suspense and gothic tradition by making use of two genres famous in the Victorian Era (Ayton, 2). As Collins managed to challenge the roles of men and women within The Moonstone, he ultimately attemptsRead MoreThe Victorian And Post World War I1590 Words   |  7 Pagespermeated through the Victorian era and developed a template for prospective gender constructs. The Victorian woman, expected to preserve purity and domesticity, was portrayed with a repressed sexuality. Passive characterization supported the duty of child bearing as the female destiny and molded their identities into subordinate ones. At the turn of the 20th century in Great Britain, women began to partake in conventionally male pursuits and diverged from traditional gender roles, completely redefining

Fossil Fuels Is The Next Great Thing - 1784 Words

Fossil Fuels are the next great thing, but at what cost? Fossil Fuels began coming about millions of years ago. Back then the sun was the ultimate power source and this is how it started. The sun would give its energy to plants, animal, and other organisms that needed it to survive. When they died the remains of the organisms decomposed into the ground. Then the energy was pushed down and buried by layers of rock until it remained in the earth untapped. Over time different forms of fossil fuels were created in the earth’s crust such as: petroleum oil, natural gas, and coal. Depending on what combination of organic matter was present, how long it was buried and what temperature and pressure conditions existed as time passed determined what fossil fuel would be available to the world (Energy, 2015). Today our world is reliant on such fossil fuels, but what happens when it’s all gone? â€Å"Fossil fuel industries drill or mine for these energy sources, burn them to produc e electricity, or refine them for use as fuel for heating or transportation† (Energy, 2015). The process of creating fossil fuels is no longer happening and at the rate the world is taking them out of the earth is catastrophic. Big industries are not taking into count what will happen years from now or even what’s happening today. Fossil fuels are termed non-renewable simply because it took millions of years for them to be created and now we don’t have the time. We as a world are using more and more fossil fuelsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment1215 Words   |  5 PagesIf too much CO2 has escaped into our atmosphere can’t we just find ways to remove it? If it was that easy we would, but unfortunately it isn’t, nor is it cheap. Over the last century the human induced burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, increased the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, the clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other human activities have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, causing human induced climate changeRead MoreNew Is Not Always Better Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesneeds. Coal and fossil fuels have been used for a long time and are now considered crude and outdated. Many governments and companies are now searching for cleaner and renewable alternatives such as solar energy, bio-fuels, and wind energy. Although these new sources are great for additives to the energy market, they are in no way a suitable replacement for fossil fuels. All of these types of energy have their own place which is working alongside the other forms of energy. Fossil fuels should not beRead MoreThe Fuel Free Energy For The Future1485 Words   |  6 Pageslines at the gas pumps in the 1970’s is high costs of fuel and a driving thirst for even more oil, despite the high prices. Breaking this dependency on oil may be the only cure if America is going to so lve its problems of obtaining a fossil fuel free energy for the future. In order to come up with a solution for the future, the current US energy situation, possible solutions, and where the future of the US energy is going without fossil fuels must be considered. Only then can America finally breakRead MoreIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1404 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of fossil fuels worldwide to have a slim chance of stopping Global Warming. If the people have anything less than the percentage given, Global Warming will not stop. As of now Global Warming is a big issue throughout the world. Some say Global Warming is just a myth to scare people and it’s just a natural cause, but there is proof that Global Warming is a fact and that the main cause of Global Warming is anthropogenic causes or man-made. Man has overused the burning of fossil fuels throughoutRead MoreAlternative Sources of Renewable Energy Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesWith a growing population around the world, the need for energy is growing as well. We are accustomed to using fossil fuels as our central source of energy for everyday uses. Fossil fuels are a natural matter that is found in the ground of the Earth formed in a previous time period millions of years ago that are nonrenewable and are used for energy today. Fossil fuels have to be burned in order to produce energy. When nonrenewable resources have been used, they cannot restock themselves or everRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Human Activities864 Words   |  4 Pagesabout topic. Scientist have been studying this for many and many years. There are facts that say climate change occurs from natural things like volcanic eruptions, solar activity, and orbital change. Scientist say that its caused by human activities. This is being sent to you because you need to know that climate change is happening from humans more then other things like natural processes. You have inspired me to try my hardest to get to the top and be my best because I have worked for it. I feelRead MoreEssay about Renewable and Clean Energy1611 Words   |  7 PagesAs these days global warming, pollutions and fuel shortages are getting more and more serious through time, renewable and clean energy is increasingly the ideal solution to energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is currently one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugarcane. Biofuels, unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people, contains the potentialRead MoreAlternatives to Fossil Fuels Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesFossil fuels which are hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the crust, are natural resources formed by the decomposition of anaerobic buried dead organisms such as dead plants and animals. They fossilize through the exposure of heat and pressure in the Earth’s crust. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because of the millions of years they take to be formed; prime examples are coal, natural gas and oil. When coal, natural gas and oil are burnt they release gases into the atmosphere suchRead MoreThe Debate On A Solar Society1462 Words   |  6 Pagesderives from fossil fuels, the fact is that although fossil fuels appear naturally, they take hundreds of years to replenish. We are depleting our fossil fuel supply both as a country and as a planet, and need to decide what our next course of action is. Right now our options appear to be, to move away from fossil fuels, and find a more renewable source of energy, or find a way to gain access to more fossil fuels. There are also many ways that we can decrease the amount of fossil fuels that we useRead MoreRenewable Is Sustainable For Renewable Energy1105 Words   |  5 PagesRenewable is Sustainable Soon, planet Earth will run out of the resource that once was thought to be reliable. Earth is in great danger of self destructing if there is no backup plan. This is where renewable resources come in. Renewable resources are abundant and do not damage the environment, so they are a sustainable method to produce energy. The options for renewable energy are solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal. Why should Earth abandon the systems that they have in place at the

Black Women and the Abolition of Slavery Free Essays

â€Å"Rachel Weeping for Her Children†: Black Women and the Abolition of Slavery by Margaret Washington Photograph of Sojourner Truth, 1864. (Gilder Lehrman Collection) During the period leading up to the Civil War, black women all over the North comprised a stalwart but now largely forgotten abolitionist army. In myriad ways, these race-conscious women worked to bring immediate emancipation to the South. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Women and the Abolition of Slavery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Anti-slavery Northern black women felt the sting of oppression personally. Like the slaves, they too were victims of color prejudice; some had been born in Northern bondage; others had family members still enslaved; and many interacted daily with self-emancipated people who constantly feared being returned south. Anti-slavery women such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman were only the most famous of the abolitionists. Before either of these heroines came on the scene and before anti-slavery was an organized movement, black women in local Northern communities had quietly turned to activism through their church work, literary societies, and benevolent organizations. These women found time for political activism in between managing households, raising children, and working. In the late 1820s, Zion’s African Methodist Episcopal Church in New York City, Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, and the African Meetinghouse in Boston were centers of female anti-slavery activity. Black women proclaimed that their cause was â€Å"let the oppressed go free. † They organized bazaars to promote the purchase of goods made from free labor, met in sewing circles to make clothing for those fleeing bondage, and raised money for Freedom’s Journal, the nation’s first black newspaper. In 1830, when Boston editor William Lloyd Garrison proposed his idea of publishing a newspaper devoted solely to immediate emancipation, a committee of black women began raising funds for it. The first copy of the Liberator appeared on January 1, 1831, with strong financial backing from black women. At their literary-society meetings, black women switched from reading European classics to discussing the Liberator and anti-slavery pamphlets, and inviting male speakers to expound on the evils of slavery. Throughout the 1830s, black women engaged heavily in activism. They vowed to â€Å"heed the enslaved mothers’ cry for children torn away† and designated their dwellings as â€Å"free homes† for those fleeing bondage. For example, Hester Lane of New York City, a successful black entrepreneur, used her home as an Underground Railroad station. Lane also traveled south to purchase enslaved children whom she freed and educated. Mary Marshall’s Colored Sailors’ Boarding Home was another busy sanctuary. Marshall kept a vigilant eye out for refugees from bondage, and was determined that â€Å"No one who had the courage to start should fail to reach the goal. † Other black women organized petition drives, wrote anti-slavery poetry, hosted traveling abolitionists, and organized fairs. By 1832, black women had formed the first female anti-slavery society in Salem, Massachusetts. They also held executive offices in biracial female anti-slavery societies in Philadelphia, Boston, and elsewhere. Anti-slavery black men insisted that black women work only behind the scenes, but women sometimes refused to do so. In New York City, a group of black women confronted white authorities in a courtroom where several self-emancipated women were about to be returned to bondage. Black men accused the female protesters of bringing â€Å"everlasting shame and remorse† upon the black community and upon themselves. In 1831, black women in Boston organized the African American Female Intelligence Society. This organization became a forum for Maria Stewart, the first woman to speak publicly against slavery. Stewart proclaimed that she was called by God to address the issues of black emancipation and the rights of black women. â€Å"We claim our rights,† she asserted, â€Å"as women and men,† and â€Å"we are not afraid of them that kill the body. † Stewart also published a pamphlet in the Liberator on behalf of black women and the enslaved, but Boston’s black male community censored Stewart for her public expressions and forced her into silence. She soon left the city. Although she never again spoke publicly, she remained active through women’s organizations and conventions. She joined other black women who held office, served as delegates, and otherwise participated in the biracial women’s anti-slavery conventions in 1837, 1838, and 1839. The anti-slavery movement took a more progressive turn in the 1840s, when the American Anti-Slavery Society (Garrisonians) welcomed women as officeholders and speakers. Most black women continued their quiet anti-slavery work, but some were outspoken. The first black woman to take the public stage for the American Anti-Slavery Society was Sojourner Truth. Born into slavery in 1797 among the Hudson Valley Dutch and emancipated in adulthood, Truth was already known as a preacher when she joined the Garrisonians in 1844. She made anti-slavery speeches throughout New England, and in 1845, gave her first address at the American Anti-Slavery Society’s annual convention. Sojourner Truth became known from Maine to Michigan as a popular and featured anti-slavery speaker. Truth published a Narrative of her life and used the proceeds to purchase a home and finance her abolitionist work. Another surge of radicalism occurred in 1850 with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law. It decreed that any citizen could be enlisted in the service of a slaveholder to capture an enslaved person, and it nullified the individual civil rights that a state guaranteed its citizens, including those formerly enslaved. That same year, Harriet Tubman, a thirty-year-old self-emancipated Marylander, began defying the Fugitive Slave Law by leading enslaved men, women, and children out of the South. With slave catchers lurking everywhere and a price on her head, Tubman safely conducted her charges through the Northern states and on to Canada. Mary Ann Shadd (Cary) was a twenty-five-year-old freeborn schoolteacher when the Fugitive Slave Law was passed. Inspired by her father, whom she described as a â€Å"chief breakman† on the Delaware Underground Railroad, Shadd soon moved to Canada and established herself as a militant abolitionist, influential emigrationist, and the first black woman newspaper editor (of the Provincial Freeman). In 1854, twenty-eight-year-old Frances Ellen Watkins (Harper) joined Sojourner Truth on the Garrisonian lecture circuit. Born into a well-connected Baltimore family, Watkins was a poet and teacher. She was drawn into the abolitionist struggle by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which rescinded the restrictions on slavery in the remaining territories acquired under the Louisiana Purchase. Watkins traveled throughout the Midwest, sometimes with Sojourner Truth. Watkins spoke eloquently of the wrongs inflicted upon her people; she sold her books of poetry at anti-slavery lectures and used the proceeds to support the Underground Railroad. In 1858, Watkins joined black male leaders in Detroit and led a large group of angry citizens in storming the jailhouse. The group attempted to remove from protective custody a black â€Å"traitor† to their cause, who had intended to expose the operations of the Underground Railroad. Despite the Fugitive Slave Law, the Underground Railroad remained the â€Å"heart’s blood† of black resistance. Black woman abolitionists played a vital role in this work. They were often the ones who intercepted refugees; who provided them with food, clothing, shelter, health care, and spiritual and psychological comfort; and who directed them to the next station. Women sometimes confronted slave catchers and kidnappers, who were often right on the heels of the â€Å"fugitives. Caroline Loguen, the wife of Syracuse, New York, abolitionist the Reverend Jermain Loguen, answered many a midnight knock during her husband’s frequent absences. Once she and her sister successfully fought off slave catchers attempting to enter her home in pursuit of â€Å"fugitives. † In 1858, Anna Murray Dougla ss, wife of black leader Frederick Douglass, hosted John Brown, the famous white abolitionist, for a month. Brown was in hiding after having been charged with murdering pro-slavery farmers in Missouri. In the Douglass home, Brown perfected his plans for the raid on Harpers Ferry. In an 1859 meeting with Brown in Maryland just before the assault on Harpers Ferry, Douglass gave him ten dollars from the wife of a Brooklyn couple, the J. N. Gloucesters, who like Douglass himself were close to Brown. Along with the money, Mrs. Gloucester â€Å"sent her best wishes. † When Brown was captured, tried, and sentenced to death, black woman abolitionists sent money to his wife, Mary, and wrote letters expressing their deep regard for her husband. Frances Ellen Watkins also sent gifts as well as one of her poems, â€Å"Bury Me in a Free Land,† to Brown’s condemned men. During the antebellum era, black woman abolitionists moved, in keeping with the urgency of the times, from quiet activism to militancy. By 1858, even Sojourner Truth, the archpacifist, recognized that war with the South was inevitable if black people were to obtain their freedom. Black women furthered the goal of emancipation during the Civil War by continuing their abolition work. Harriet Tubman offered her services to the Union Army. Sojourner Truth lectured throughout the Midwest, where she confronted threatening pro-slavery (so-called â€Å"Copperhead†) mobs. Black women organized petition campaigns to Congress and the president; they sent food and clothing to the Union front lines for destitute blacks; and they went into Union-occupied areas to provide education for black refugees. After the Emancipation Proclamation was signed on January 1, 1863, black women immediately began working on the next phase of their mission—the task of uplifting their race as a free people. Margaret Washington is a professor of history at Cornell University. Her publications include Sojourner Truth’s America (2009) and A Peculiar People: Slave Religion and Community-Culture among the Gullahs (1998) How to cite Black Women and the Abolition of Slavery, Essay examples

History of Australia

Question : What is the History of Australia ? Answer : Introducation Mining in Australia in the Broken Hill region dates back to the 19th Century when suddenly the mines were discovered. Broken Hill is located far west of New South Wales(Spry, 2007). BHP Billiton constitutes the worlds largest mining company located in the area. Broken Hill has often been referred to as The silver City, Capital of the Outback and Oasis of the West. It has been Australias longest-lived mining city and it was named as Barrier Range by Charles Sturt. The area contains a massive orebody that dates back to 1,800 million years and has zinc, silver, lead mineral deposits. Figure 1 : Mining Broken Hill Source : (australianminesatlas.gov.au, Retrieved on 13th December 2016) The shape of the orebody is like a boomerang plunging into the earth outcropping from its center. Miners often refer the orebody as the Line of Lode and an unque mineral along with existing ones that has been discovered in the area is Nyholmite(Battellino, 2010). The scope of the report analysis the impact of such mining activities on physical, social and environmental surroundings of the region. Descripition and discovery of mineral Broken Hill historically was home to Wiljakali Indigenous Australians, who survived the region inspite of lack of water resources. Their main dependence was on underground source of water and wells. With Surveyor General of New South Wales, Major Thomas Mitchell being in the area as first white settler in 1841 exploration and development in the region began(Plimer, 2006). Charles Sturt in search on inland water source came across and named Broken Hill as Barrier Range. Charles Rasp in 1883 founded mineral deposit in the region that tested came to be discovered as being silver and lead. He set up Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) and BHP Billiton in the region to extract ores from the region. Upon further exploration and discoveries in the region due to the limitedness of the ore steel production was started. Apart from these companies Perilya Limited was also into mines exploration along the Line of Lode. Historical mining events and initial miners The Battle of Broken Hill is a landmark event in the region where Afghan men fired trainload on people. The area has one of the richest labor trade union with certain bitter industrial disputes fought over Broken Hill. The subsequent disputes in the region led to the establishment of the Barrier Industrial Council in 1923 with a group of 18 trade unions(Lyle, 2006). Broken Hill consisted of highest deposits of lead, zinc and silver that is on a state of depletion. Yet the extraction amounts for two million tons on an annual basis. While Broken Hill was exploited by small prospectors employed on the gossan. Ore was initially carted by means of camel trains, pack mules and wagons. The demographics and business in the area took turn when silver was discovered. Open-pit mining was initially followed from 1885 ill 1898 with silver being locally smelted. Lead, zinc and silver from 1898 till 1915 was developed by means of concentrates made overseas, post which concentrates were made in Aust ralia(Mudd, 2007). As mining transformed in the 20th century with the formation of companies, there was a shift from small prospectors to large companies. The two giant company set up BHP Billiton and Broken Hill Proprietary Company set up highly efficient bulk underground mechanized mining techniques. Mining in the region did not initiate by skilled tradesmen however, as activities in the region grew it got transformed to form a high sophisticate system. The central lode of Broken Hill was depleted from 1940s which led to production shifting to north and south ends. In 1950s properties included in the area were North Broken Hill Limited, The Zinc Corporation Limited, Broken Hill South Limited and New Broken Hill Consolidated Limited. There was major production and extraction of Zinc. Broken Hill South Limited ended its operations in 1972, leases for the company was acquired by Minerals and Mining and Metallurgy Limited. Pasminco Limited undertook leases of Zinc Corporation Limited as well as New Broken Hill Consolidated Limited. Environmental physical and social impacts of mining Mining has brought immense prosperity to Australia with having a considerable share in the GDP of the country. Mining has generated immense investment that has reflected as growth and output in the GDP(Spry, 2007). Figure 2 : Mining Industry Investment from 1994-2014 Source : (rba.gov.au, Retrieved on 13th December 2016 ) Mining has been generator of employment in the region that has again contributed to GDP growth and economic development of overall Australia. Historical trends depicts that mining has been the major cause of immigration into Australia. Figure 3 : Employment by Industry Source : (rba.gov.au, Retrieved on 13th December 2016 ) The country was generates high amounts of income from exports of metals and ores. But mining has been associated with severe health and environmental impacts(Boreland, 2008). Mining has resulted in deforestation of the Broken Hill region that has further reduced ground water in the area. Water resources depletion resulted in subsequent erosion and pollution in the area significantly. Pollution from mine smelters have had serious health impacts in the adjoining areas. Broken Hill has experienced significantly high levels of lead in bloods of children as well as adults. Further due to the containment of such high amounts of resources in the area, it has been accustomed to high levels of contaminations in water of the area. Rise in diseases and costs of living from lack of water reservoir has made living conditions tougher for indigenous people(Boreland, 2006). There has been significantly high associated respiratory diseases also associated with such mining activities in Australia. In 1895, data reveals that 1 in 50 miners were impacted due to lead poisoning. Study conducted in 1991, estimates that 80% children under 5 years of age had higher levels of lead in their blood that governmental limits. Lead Education program in 1990s tested several children 5 years for levels of lead in their blood(Mackay, 2013). There were also remedial actions taken to reduce high levels of ceiling dust or garden soils to reduce lead. Zinc mining exposed children to higher risks and had developmental disorders compared to national average. Children who were exposed to high levels of toxic dust, air, water, soil pollution from zinc dust had lowest literacy levels also numeracy scores. High levels of such toxic metals hampers growing brain and such damage cannot be reversed. Due to continues mining in Broken Hill region 50% children had excess levels of lead and Caucasian children were at risks. Lead neurotoxin once inhaled or absorbed affects nervous systems in children. Figure 4 : Children's Literacy Skill who were exposed to Zinc and Lead Source: (theconversation.com, Retrieved on 14th December 2016) Revelations brought into the city The city was isolated until mining activities in the region started and Adelaide narrow gauge railway link was established in 1888(Spry, 2008). The South Wales Government was not allowed by New South Wales Government to set up railway connections across border. The last part of railway tracks was however completed by a private company Silverton Tramway. The railway track was laid to transport concentrates and ores from ores to smelters as well as port on the coast of Port Pirie, South Australia. The railway also transported timber and coal used for underground mining activities. Prior to 1940s mining was mostly done using hand tools that involved high labor use with horse drawn carts. With diesel coming into being mining equipment was mechanized(Heimann, 2009). With mechanization of mines workforce gradually declined and that led to shrinking of mining leases. Low metal prices in 1990s led to failure of Pasminco Ltd. and later recovering of such prices led only Perilya Limited surviv ing. Mining has high exposure to vagaries and with shrinking population and isolation of Broken Hill. Broken Hill is gradually evolving to promote itself as an artistic credentials and tourism destination to reduce its reliance on mining. Multiple mines in the remote areas Broken Hill has a traditional company town as Roxby Downs. Thus, the town is supported by activities from mining and majority people in the area are employed with the mines to earn their livelihood. The town has school administrative offices, hospitals that are supported by companies itself. Mining in entire of Australia generates approximately $138 billion annually which is approximately half of total goods and services produced. Contribution from mining constitutes to 6-7% of the economies GDP which is far higher than any other industry or services or agriculture. Employing a workforce of 187,400 people with 599,680 in supporting industries, the industry constitutes a 2% workforce of the total employed(Mudd, 2010). Broken Hill has a town dominated by mining activities that have provided source of direct as well as indirect employment opportunities. Conclusion Mining in Australia, especially in the Broken Hill region dates back to the 19th Century with English exploring and developing the region. Mining in the area still continues at a considerable high rates and yield high levels of incomes from indigenous usage as well as exports. While mining is associated to generating positive impacts on the society and economy as a whole by job generation and income generation, it has several ill-effects as well. Mining in the region has been associated with serious health related disorders and the young generation in the region are most at risks. Due to mining activities deforestation and pollution is also on the rise that has its negative impacts on the society. Thus, the mining has several impacts that can be debated to understand its broader scope. References australianminesatlas.gov.au, Retrieved on 13th December 2016. Broken Hill Mining. https://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/mapping/mineral_differences.html. Battellino, R., 2010. Mining booms and the Australian economy.RBA Bulletin, March, pp.63-69. Boreland, F. and Lyle, D.M., 2006. Lead dust in Broken Hill homes: Effect of remediation on indoor lead levels.Environmental research,100(2), pp.276-283. Boreland, F., Lesjak, M.S. and Lyle, D.M., 2008. Managing environmental lead in Broken Hill: a public health success.New South Wales public health bulletin,19(10), pp.174-179. Heimann, A., Spry, P.G., Teale, G.S., Conor, C.H. and Leyh, W.R., 2009. Geochemistry of garnet-rich rocks in the southern Curnamona Province, Australia, and their genetic relationship to Broken Hill-type Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization.Economic Geology,104(5), pp.687-712. Lyle, D.M., Phillips, A.R., Balding, W.A., Burke, H., Stokes, D., Corbett, S. and Hall, J., 2006. Dealing with lead in Broken Hilltrends in blood lead levels in young children 19912003.Science of the total environment,359(1), pp.111-119. Mackay, A.K., Taylor, M.P., Munksgaard, N.C., Hudson-Edwards, K.A. and Burn-Nunes, L., 2013. Identification of environmental lead sources and pathways in a mining and smelting town: Mount Isa, Australia.Environmental Pollution,180, pp.304-311. Mudd, G.M., 2007. An analysis of historic production trends in Australian base metal mining.Ore Geology Reviews,32(1), pp.227-261. Mudd, G.M., 2010. The environmental sustainability of mining in Australia: Key mega-trends and looming constraints.Resources Policy,35(2), pp.98-115. Plimer, I.R., 2006. Manganoan garnet rocks associated with the Broken Hill PbZnAg orebody, Australia.Mineralogy and Petrology,88(3-4), pp.443-478. rba.gov.au, Retrieved on 13th December 2016. Mining Investment Australia. https://www.rba.gov.au/speeches/2014/sp-so-211114.html. Spry, P.G., Heimann, A., Messerly, J.D. and Houk, R.S., 2007. Discrimination of metamorphic and metasomatic processes at the Broken Hill Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, Australia: rare earth element signatures of garnet-rich rocks.Economic Geology,102(3), pp.471-494. Spry, P.G., Plimer, I.R. and Teale, G.S., 2008. Did the giant Broken Hill (Australia) ZnPbAg deposit melt?.Ore Geology Reviews,34(3), pp.223-241. theconversation.com, Retrieved on 14th December 2016. Children literacy skills experiencing high levels of zin and lead. https://theconversation.com/australian-children-exposed-to-toxic-mining-metals-do-worse-at-school-48343.